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A constant potential is applied between the measuring and reference electrodes to form a micro-current measurement system consisting of two platinum electrodes (working and counter electrodes) and a reference electrode. Hypochlorous acid undergoes redox reactions on the surface of the working electrode, generating a current…
Residual Chlorine Electrode
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A pH buffer reagent is added to the water sample to adjust the pH to approximately 6.2–6.5. Free chlorine reacts directly with N,N-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DPD reagent) to form a red-colored compound. The absorbance of this compound is then measured at a wavelength of 510 nm to determine the free chlorine concentration.
Residual Chlorine by Chemical Method
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The measurement principle of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is based on the relationship between the activity and concentration of ions in an electrolyte solution. An ISE typically consists of two electrodes: a working electrode and a reference electrode. The working electrode selectively responds to the target ion, while the…
Ion-Selective Electrode
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The ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrum of water correlates well with the presence of organic pollutants. The concentration of organic pollutants absorbs UV light at specific wavelengths following the Lambert-Beer law, which can be expressed as: COD Sensor Where: A— Absorbance C — Concentration of the organic substance L —…
COD Sensor
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When a beam of light is directed into a liquid containing chlorophyll, the chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet and red light and emits fluorescence in the red wavelength range. The intensity of the fluorescence is directly proportional to the concentration of chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll-a Sensor
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Blue-green algae are irradiated with excitation light of a specific wavelength, causing them to reach a higher energy state. When returning from this high-energy state to the ground state, they emit fluorescence at wavelengths longer than the excitation light. The intensity of this fluorescence is directly proportional to the…
Blue-green Algae Sensor